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Triple-negative breast cancer: Pattern of recurrence and survival outcomes

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2019; 40(01): 67-72

DOI: DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_132_18

Author : Chintalapani, Shyny Reddy; Bala, Stalin; Konatam, Meher Lakshmi; Gundeti, Sadashivudu; Kuruva, Siva Prasad; Hui, Monalisa

Abstract

Introduction: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer which is defined as the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry. As the survival data on TNBC in the Indian population are scant, this study was done to analyze the clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes of TNBC patients. Materials and Methods: Data from medical records of patients with breast cancer between 2009 and 2014 were retrieved, and patients with TNBC were identified and analyzed for demographic and clinicopathological features. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 1024 breast cancer patients were registered at our institute during the study period, of which 198 were TNBCs accounting for 19.3% of all breast cancers. Median age at the diagnosis was 50 years (range, 22–78 years). Lymph nodal positivity in TNBC was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.003) and higher tumor grade (P = 0.01). At a median follow-up of 48 months (range, 12–88), 36 (19.1%) patients had recurrence of the disease, whereas 28 (14%) patients were lost to follow-up. Lung (52.7%) was the most common site of recurrence followed by bone (25%) and brain (11.1%). Three-year DFS and OS were 63.2% and 65.6%, respectively. On univariate analysis, nodal status, size of tumor, and lymphovascular invasion were found to have a significant impact on OS and DFS. On multivariate analysis, only nodal status was significant for DFS and OS (P < 0 class="i" xss=removed>P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: TNBCs have a rapid clinical course, and early recurrences are common inspite of timely medical intervention which reflects the aggressive tumor biology. This warrants further studies on intensification of chemotherapy and identification and development of targeted therapy aimed at decreasing recurrences and improving survival in this patient population.

Keywords

Recurrences - survival - triple-negative breast cancer


Publication History

Article published online:
08 June 2021

© 2019. Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India


Abstract

Introduction: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer which is defined as the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry. As the survival data on TNBC in the Indian population are scant, this study was done to analyze the clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes of TNBC patients. Materials and Methods: Data from medical records of patients with breast cancer between 2009 and 2014 were retrieved, and patients with TNBC were identified and analyzed for demographic and clinicopathological features. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 1024 breast cancer patients were registered at our institute during the study period, of which 198 were TNBCs accounting for 19.3% of all breast cancers. Median age at the diagnosis was 50 years (range, 22–78 years). Lymph nodal positivity in TNBC was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.003) and higher tumor grade (P = 0.01). At a median follow-up of 48 months (range, 12–88), 36 (19.1%) patients had recurrence of the disease, whereas 28 (14%) patients were lost to follow-up. Lung (52.7%) was the most common site of recurrence followed by bone (25%) and brain (11.1%). Three-year DFS and OS were 63.2% and 65.6%, respectively. On univariate analysis, nodal status, size of tumor, and lymphovascular invasion were found to have a significant impact on OS and DFS. On multivariate analysis, only nodal status was significant for DFS and OS (P < 0 class="i" xss=removed>P = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: TNBCs have a rapid clinical course, and early recurrences are common inspite of timely medical intervention which reflects the aggressive tumor biology. This warrants further studies on intensification of chemotherapy and identification and development of targeted therapy aimed at decreasing recurrences and improving survival in this patient population.


Keywords

Recurrences - survival - triple-negative breast cancer

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women worldwide, with an estimated 1.67 million new cancer cases diagnosed in 2012 accounting for 25% of all cancers.[1] The age-adjusted incidence rate in India is as high as 25.8/100,000 women and mortality is 12.7 per 100,000 women.[2] Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer which is defined as the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC).[3] Although the terms TNBC and basal-like breast cancers are used interchangeably, they are not completely synonymous. The basal-like subtype is defined through the gene expression microarray analysis.[4],[5] TNBCs have unique pathological, molecular, and clinical behavior.[3],[6] TNBCs are considered to have a poor prognosis compared to other subtypes of breast cancer. Although TNBC is chemosensitive, its treatment continues to be a challenge, as recurrences are common, especially within the first 3–5 years of the diagnosis.[6],[7],[8] There are no approved targeted treatments available other than chemotherapy. As the survival data on TNBC in the Indian population are scant, this study was done to analyze the clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes of TNBC patients.


Materials and Methods

Data from medical records of patients with breast cancer between 2009 and 2014 were retrieved, and the patients with TNBC were identified. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Tumors were categorized based on ER, PR, and HER2 status. Tumors that have ≤1% expression of ER and PR as determined by IHC and that are HER2 negative, either 0–1+ by IHC or 2+ and fluorescence in situ hybridization negative, were identified as triple negative. IHC was done on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections by polymer horseradish peroxidase technique on fully automated immunostainer.

The various IHC markers included are listed in [Table 1].


Table 1

Immunohistochemistry markers

TNBCs were classified histologically according to the WHO classification.[9] Histologic grade was determined based on the Nottingham histologic score which considers tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic activity.[10] Staging of patients with TNBC was done according to the AJCC TNM staging seventh edition.[11] Patients with Stage I, IIA, or a subset of Stage IIB disease (T2N1) were categorized as having early breast cancer (EBC) and a subset of patients with Stage IIB disease (T3N0) and patients with Stage IIIA to IIIC disease were categorized as having locally advanced breast cancer (LABC).

All patients with the diagnosis of TNBC were analyzed for demographic and clinicopathological features. Chemotherapy regimens used were 5-fluorouracil 500 mg/m2, adriamycin 50 mg/m2, and cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2 (FAC) every 3 weeks for six cycles or doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 on day 1 along with cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 (AC) every 3 weeks for 4 cycles followed by paclitaxel (T) 175 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for four cycles or 80 mg/m2 weekly for 12 cycles or docetaxel 100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks for four cycles. Patients were treated with capecitabine/gemcitabine at progression. Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined from the start of primary therapy to the date of disease recurrence, death, or last follow-up. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from the date of start of primary therapy to date of death or the last follow-up.

Statistical analysis

Clinical characteristics between the lymph node groups were compared using the Chi-square test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to assess the effect of age, menopausal status, nodal status, size, grade, and lymphovascular invasion on DFS and OS. GraphPad Prism software for Windows version 6 was used to plot the Kaplan–Meier curves for progression-free survival and OS (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA; http://www.graphpad.com). Univariate analysis for OS was done by plotting Kaplan–Meier curves, and the log-rank test was used to calculate P values. Logistic regression analysis for OS was carried out using MedCalc demo version statistical software 16.4.3 using the same independent variables after coding (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium; https://www.medcalc.org; 2016). P < 0>


Results

A total of 1024 breast cancer patients were registered at our institute between 2009 and 2014, of which 198 were TNBCs. This accounted for 19.3% of all breast cancers during this period. Median age at the diagnosis was 50 years (range, 22–78 years). Ninety-six patients (48.4%) had lump in the breast of <3>35 years at the first childbirth, nulliparity, and family history of breast cancer, were present in only 4%, 8%, and 3% of patients, respectively.

The tumor was right sided in 51%, left sided in 47%, and 2% had bilateral cancer at presentation. Clinically, T2 was the most common (58%) followed by T3 (18.2%), T4 (13.2%), and T1 (10.6%). Nodal involvement was seen in 115 patients (58%). N1, N2, and N3 disease was seen in 53 (26.7%), 32 (16.1%), and 30 (15.1%) patients, respectively. The patient and tumor characteristics are presented in [Table 2].

IHC marker

Clone

Supplier

IHC – Immunohistochemistry; ER – Estrogen receptor; PR – Progesterone receptor; HER2 – Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

ER

EP1

Biogenex

PR

EP2

Biogenex

HER2

EP1045Y

Biogenex
Table 2

Patient and tumor characteristics

Characteristic

n (%)

LVI – Lymphovascular invasion

EBC was seen in 107 (54%), 81 patients (41%) had LABC, and only 10 patients (5%) had metastatic disease. A modified radical mastectomy was done in 76.7%, and 18.2% underwent breast conservation surgery. Adjuvant chemotherapy was given to 157 patients (79.2%), while 31 (15.6%) patients received both neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Of the 31 patients who received NACT, pathological complete response (pCR) was seen in 8 (25.8%) patients. Postmastectomy radiation therapy, as part of adjuvant treatment, was given to 99 (52.6%) patients.

Lymphovascular invasion and margin positivity were present in 11.2% (21 patients) and 3.8% (7 patients) of the tumors, respectively. Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3 were seen in 5 (2.5%), 51 (25.8%), and 142 (71.7%) of the tumors, respectively. At least one axillary lymph node was positive in 58% of patients. Correlation between lymph nodal status, tumor size, and grade is shown in [Table 3]. Lymph nodal positivity in TNBC was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.003) and higher tumor grade (P = 0.01) when compared to their node-negative counterparts.

Age (years)

Median (range)

50 (22-78)

<60>

146 (73.7)

>60

52 (26.3)

Menopausal status

Pre/perimenopausal

86 (43.4)

Postmenopausal

112 (56.6)

Tumor size (cm)

<2>

22 (11.1)

>2

176 (88.8)

LVI

No

175 (88.4)

Yes

23 (11.6)

Grade

I

5 (2.5)

II

51 (25.8)

III

142 (71.7)

Nodal status

Positive

115 (58)

Negative

83 (42)
Table 3

Correlation between lymph nodal status, tumor size, and grade


At a median follow-up of 48 months (range, 12–88), 36 (19.1%) patients had a recurrence of the disease, while 28 (14%) patients were lost to follow-up. Lung (52.7%) was the most common site of recurrence followed by bone (25%) and brain (11.1%). Recurrence rates were high in the first 2–3 years after the diagnosis after which there is almost a plateau. Three-year DFS and OS were 63.2% and 65.6%, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier estimate for DFS and OS is shown in [Figure 1] and [Figure 2], respectively.

Characteristic

N0 (n=83), n (%)

N0 (n=53), n (%)

N0 (n=32), n (%)

N0 (n=30), n (%)

P

Tumor size

T1

13 (15.7)

4 (7.5)

2 (6.2)

2 (6.7)

0.003

T2

56 (67.5)

37 (69.8)

12 (37.5)

10 (33.3)

T3

10 (12.0)

8 (15.1)

9 (30.0)

8 (26.7)

T4

4 (4.8)

4 (7.6)

9 (30.0)

10 (33.3)

Grade

I/II

29 (35)

10 (18.8)

13 (40.6)

4 (13.3)

0.01

III

54 (65)

43 (81.2)

19 (59.4)

26 (86.7)

| Figure 1 Kaplan–Meier estimates of disease-free survival for EBC and LABC. EBC – Early breast cancer; LABC – Locally advanced breast cancer

| Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival for all patients


The 3-year DFS for patients with EBC and LABC was 77.5% and 44.4%, respectively (P < 0 href="https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_132_18#FI_3" xss=removed>Figure 3]. The 3-year OS for patients with EBC and LABC was 84.1% and 48.1%, respectively (P < 0 href="https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_132_18#FI_4" xss=removed>Figure 4]. Median OS in patients with metastatic disease was 19.5 months.


| Figure 3 Kaplan–Meier estimates of comparison of disease‑free survival for EBC and LABC. EBC – Early breast cancer; LABC – Locally advanced breast cancer

| Figure 4 Kaplan–Meier estimates of comparison of overall survival for EBC, LABC, and MBC. EBC – Early breast cancer; LABC – Locally advanced breast cancer; MBC – Metastatic breast cancer


Univariate and multivariate survival analyses

In the univariate analysis, nodal status, size of the tumor, and lymphovascular invasion were found to have a significant impact on OS and DFS, whereas menopausal status and grade of the tumor did not impact survival. Univariate analysis of treatment variables is shown in [Table 4]. On multivariate analysis, only nodal status was significant for DFS and OS (P < 0 xss=removed>


Table 4

Univariate analysis

Discussion

TNBC is a heterogeneous disease. Although it is generally considered to be more chemosensitive than other subtypes of breast cancer, it has more aggressive behavior with early recurrence. Conventional chemotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for this subtype of breast cancer for decades.

In the present study, TNBCs accounted for 19.3% of all the breast cancers. It is similar to the incidence reported by other studies from the West and other authors from India ranging from 12.5% to 26%.[12],[13],[14] The median age of 50 years in the present study was almost similar to that described in the Western literature (median age of 53 years).[15] In two studies from India by Suresh et al.[12] and Das et al.,[13] the median age of the patients was 49 and 44 years, respectively. The usual risk factors for breast cancer, which were found only in a minority of patients in the present study, are similar to that reported by Suresh et al.[12]

Majority of the patients in this study had a tumor size of >2 cm at presentation (88.8%), and more than half of the patients had lymph nodal involvement (58%). Other studies have also reported that TNBCs are relatively large tumors with a high incidence of involvement of the lymph nodes.[10],[14] Majority of the patients in this study underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) (76.7%). Various reasons for this are the extent of disease at presentation, concern about recurrence, patient and/or surgeon's choice.

The fact that majority of patients in this study presented with a history of breast lump of <3>

The finding that lymph nodal positivity in our patients was associated with larger tumor size when compared to their node-negative counterparts is contrary to the observations made in the studies by Dent et al.[15] and Suresh et al.[12] who have reported that, in TNBCs, even small tumors can have a high chance of lymph node positivity. However, in a study from China, Wang et al.[16] reported that lymph node-positive patients had a larger tumor size than lymph node-negative patients, similar to the present study.

pCR rate of 25.8% observed in this study is similar to that reported in studies by Suresh et al.[12] (25%) and Liedtke et al.[17] (22%). The results from several studies show that patients with TNBC have an increased likelihood of recurrences and death compared to other types of breast cancer. In this study, 36 patients had recurrence of disease, mostly distant recurrences (lung, brain, and bone), suggesting the hematogeneous spread of these cancers. We have also found that the pattern of recurrence is different. Recurrence rates were high in the first 2–3 years after the diagnosis, after which there is almost a plateau in the present study. In the study by Dent et al.,[15] there was an increased likelihood of distant recurrence and death within 5 years of the diagnosis in the TNBC subgroup, whereas the recurrences were mostly constant during follow-up in other subgroups of breast cancer. This suggests that, though TNBCs are aggressive malignancies with early recurrences, women who do not develop recurrence within the first 3–5 years after the diagnosis are less likely to die of their disease.

The 3-year DFS in this study was 63.2%, and the 3-year OS was 65.6%. In their study, from the USA, Dawood et al.[18] reported 3-year relapse-free survival as 63% and OS as 71%. In their study on TNBC patients, Ovcaricek et al.[19] from Europe observed a 5-year recurrence-free survival to be 68.2% and OS as 74.5%. The 3-year OS in the study by Suresh et al.[12] from India was 80%. The differences in survivals among various studies might be probably due to differences in the stage of disease at presentation, omission/inclusion of patients lost to follow-up in the survival analysis, and the use of different chemotherapy regimens.

In the univariate analysis for prognostic factors such as age, menopausal status, grade, size of the tumor, nodal status, and LVI, nodal status, size of the tumor, and LVI had a significant impact on DFS and OS. On multivariate analysis, only nodal status retained its independent prognostic value for DFS and OS. These results are similar to that of Ovcaricek et al.[19] who found that age and nodal status were independent prognostic factors for DFS and nodal status was a prognostic factor for OS. However, in the study done by Suresh et al.,[12] no statistically significant differences were observed for breast cancer-specific survival or OS for prognostic factors such as age, tumor size, and nodal status. This might be probably due to a small number of events and short follow-up of 30 months in their study.

Survival analysis in the present study revealed better survival for patients with EBC when compared with LABC and metastatic breast cancer. This is in accordance with the previous studies on TNBC from India by Suresh et al.[12] and Chandra et al.[20] who have also reported that patients with EBC have better survival than patients with LABC.

Conclusions

TNBCs are a distinct subtype of breast cancers with unique pathological and clinical behavior. They have a rapid clinical course and early recurrences inspite of timely medical intervention, which reflects the aggressive tumor biology. This warrants further studies on the intensification of chemotherapy and identification and development of targeted therapy aimed at decreasing recurrences and improving survival in this patient population.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

  • References

Variable

n(%)

DFS

OS

HR (95%CI)

P for DFS

P for OS

DFS – Disease-free survival; OS – Overall survival; HR – Hazard ratio; CI – Confidence interval; LVI – Lymphovascular invasion

Age (years)

<60>

146 (73.7)

58.9

64.4

0.3930

0.889

≥60

52 (26.3)

65.3

67.3

1.178 (0.711-1.953)

1.072 (0.6258-1.836)

Menopausal status

Pre/perimenopausal

86 (43.4)

58.1

61.6

0.4868

0.410

Postmenopausal

112 (56.6)

62.5

67.8

1.145 (0.731-1.793)

1.216 (0.755-1.959)

Nodal status

Positive

115 (58)

44.3

53

<0>

<0>

Negative

83 (42)

82.9

83.1

3.946 (2.462-6.326)

3.521 (2.188-5.667)

Size (cm)

>2

176 (88.8)

57.9

83

0.0499

0.0335

≤2

22 (11.1)

81.8

86.3

2.618 (1.323-5.181)

3.229 (1.591-6.55)

Grade

III

142 (71.7)

56.3

61.9

0.0430

0.0819

I + II

56 (28.3)

70.9

74.5

1.741 (1.077-2.813)

1.665 (0.9919-2.795)

LVI

No

175 (88.4)

22.7

40.9

0.0005

0.0024

Yes

23 (11.6)

65.7

69.1

2.868 (1.126-7.302)

3.732 (1.596-8.727)
  1. International Agency for Research on cancer. GLOBOCAN: estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. Lyon, France: IARC; 2013. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr. [Last accessed on 2019 Mar 19].
  2. Malvia S, Bagadi SA, Dubey US, Saxena S. et al. Epidemiology of breast cancer in Indian women. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2017; 13: 289-95
  3. Schmadeka R, Harmon BE, Singh M. Triple-negative breast carcinoma: Current and emerging concepts. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141: 462-77
  4. Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H. et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 10869-74
  5. Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J, Hastie T, Marron JS, Nobel A. et al. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 8418-23
  6. Malorni L, Shetty PB, De Angelis C, Hilsenbeck S, Rimawi MF, Elledge R. et al. Clinical and biologic features of triple-negative breast cancers in a large cohort of patients with long-term follow-up. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136: 795-804
  7. Guarneri V, Dieci MV, Conte P. Relapsed triple-negative breast cancer: Challenges and treatment strategies. Drugs 2013; 73: 1257-65
  8. Billar JA, Dueck AC, Stucky CC, Gray RJ, Wasif N, Northfelt DW. et al. Triple-negative breast cancers: Unique clinical presentations and outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 384-90
  9. Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ, Tan PH, van de Vijver MJ. eds. WHO classification of tumors of the breast, 4th edn. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2012.
  10. Elston CW, Ellis IO. Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer I. The value of histological grade in breast cancer: Experience from a large study with long-term follow-up. Histopathology 1991; 19: 403-10
  11. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A. American Joint Committee on Cancer Cancer Staging Manual. New York: Springer. 2010, 7th ed.
  12. Suresh P, Batra U, Doval DC. Epidemiological and clinical profile of triple negative breast cancer at a cancer hospital in North India. J Med Paediatr Oncol 2013; 34: 89-95
  13. Lakshmaiah KC, Das U, Suresh TM, Lokanatha D, Babu GK, Jacob LA. et al. A study of triple negative breast cancer at a tertiary cancer care center in Southern India. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4: 933-7
  14. Dawson SJ, Provenzano E, Caldas C. Triple negative breast cancers: Clinical and prognostic implications. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 27-40
  15. Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, Hanna WM, Kahn HK, Sawka CA. et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: Clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 4429-34
  16. Wang XX, Jiang YZ, Li JJ, Song GG, Shao ZM. et al. Effect of nodal status on clinical outcomes of triple-negative breast cancer: A population-based study using the SEER 18 database. Oncotarget 2016; 7: 46636-45
  17. Liedtke C, Mazouni C, Hess KR, André F, Tordai A, Mejia JA. et al. Response to neo adjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 1275-81
  18. Dawood S, Broglio K, Kau SW, Green MC, Giordano SH, Meric-Bernstam F. et al. Triple receptor-negative breast cancer: The effect of race on response to primary systemic treatment and survival outcomes. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 220-6
  19. Ovcaricek T, Frkovic SG, Matos E, Mozina B, Borstnar S. Triple negative breast cancer-prognostic factors and survival. Radiol Oncol 2011; 45: 46-52
  20. Chandra D, Suresh P, Sinha R, Azam S, Batra U, Talwar V. et al. Eight year survival analysis of patients with triple negative breast cancer in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17: 2995-9

Address for correspondence

Dr. Meher Lakshmi Konatam
Department of Medical Oncology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences
Punjagutta, Hyderabad - 500 082, Telangana,
India   

Publication History

Article published online:
08 June 2021

© 2019. Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

| Figure 1 Kaplan–Meier estimates of disease-free survival for EBC and LABC. EBC – Early breast cancer; LABC – Locally advanced breast cancer

| Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier estimates of overall survival for all patients

| Figure 3 Kaplan–Meier estimates of comparison of disease‑free survival for EBC and LABC. EBC – Early breast cancer; LABC – Locally advanced breast cancer

| Figure 4 Kaplan–Meier estimates of comparison of overall survival for EBC, LABC, and MBC. EBC – Early breast cancer; LABC – Locally advanced breast cancer; MBC – Metastatic breast cancer

  1. International Agency for Research on cancer. GLOBOCAN: estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. Lyon, France: IARC; 2013. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr. [Last accessed on 2019 Mar 19].
  2. Malvia S, Bagadi SA, Dubey US, Saxena S. et al. Epidemiology of breast cancer in Indian women. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2017; 13: 289-95
  3. Schmadeka R, Harmon BE, Singh M. Triple-negative breast carcinoma: Current and emerging concepts. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141: 462-77
  4. Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, Johnsen H. et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 10869-74
  5. Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J, Hastie T, Marron JS, Nobel A. et al. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 8418-23
  6. Malorni L, Shetty PB, De Angelis C, Hilsenbeck S, Rimawi MF, Elledge R. et al. Clinical and biologic features of triple-negative breast cancers in a large cohort of patients with long-term follow-up. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 136: 795-804
  7. Guarneri V, Dieci MV, Conte P. Relapsed triple-negative breast cancer: Challenges and treatment strategies. Drugs 2013; 73: 1257-65
  8. Billar JA, Dueck AC, Stucky CC, Gray RJ, Wasif N, Northfelt DW. et al. Triple-negative breast cancers: Unique clinical presentations and outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2010; 17: 384-90
  9. Lakhani SR, Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ, Tan PH, van de Vijver MJ. eds. WHO classification of tumors of the breast, 4th edn. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2012.
  10. Elston CW, Ellis IO. Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer I. The value of histological grade in breast cancer: Experience from a large study with long-term follow-up. Histopathology 1991; 19: 403-10
  11. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A. American Joint Committee on Cancer Cancer Staging Manual. New York: Springer. 2010, 7th ed.
  12. Suresh P, Batra U, Doval DC. Epidemiological and clinical profile of triple negative breast cancer at a cancer hospital in North India. J Med Paediatr Oncol 2013; 34: 89-95
  13. Lakshmaiah KC, Das U, Suresh TM, Lokanatha D, Babu GK, Jacob LA. et al. A study of triple negative breast cancer at a tertiary cancer care center in Southern India. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2014; 4: 933-7
  14. Dawson SJ, Provenzano E, Caldas C. Triple negative breast cancers: Clinical and prognostic implications. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 27-40
  15. Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, Hanna WM, Kahn HK, Sawka CA. et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: Clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 4429-34
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