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Real-World Outcome of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Advanced Breast Cancer (ABC): A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Cancer Center in India
CC BY 4.0 · Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2024; 45(05): 383-389
DOI: DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735597
Abstract
Introduction There is a paucity of data on platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer (ABC) from developing countries like India.
Objectives The objectives were to analyze the efficacy and safety of platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with ABC.
Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of 35 patients with ABC who were treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (gemcitabine and carboplatin, [GC]) in a tertiary cancer center in India from August 2015 to November 2019. The inclusion criteria were patients with ABC, who had received palliative chemotherapy with GC. The exclusion criteria were patients who had received less than two cycles of GC and patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy for neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast.
Results The median age was 45 years (range: 28–68 years). All patients were female (97%) except one male (3%). The histology was ductal carcinoma (77%), mixed (17%), and others (6%). Out of the 12 patients tested for breast cancer (BRCA) gene mutation, six patients had a BRCA mutation. Patients with metastatic and locally progressive disease were 91 and 9%, respectively. The median number of prior lines of systemic therapy for metastatic disease was 1 (range: 0–5). The median number of sites of metastasis was 2 (range: 0–5). Patients with visceral crises were 23%. The median number of cycles of GC chemotherapy received was 6 (range: 2–6). A dose reduction in chemotherapy was done in 74%. The responses among 34 evaluable patients were complete response (11%), partial response (24%), stable disease (41%), and progressive disease (24%). Grade 3 or more hematological and nonhematological toxicities were observed in 69 and 9%, respectively. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 6 and 8 months, respectively. The 1-year progression-free survival and overall survival were 19 and 34%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who had received more than 3 cycles had a better outcome.
Conclusion GC was an active and well-tolerated regimen in ABC regardless of the receptor status. Further prospective randomized studies are warranted to assess the optimal regimen in patients with triple-negative breast cancer.
Keywords
advanced breast cancer - platinum-based chemotherapy - real-world outcome
Presentation
Not applicable as it is not a clinical trial.
Authors' Contribution
Conception (Indhuja Muthiah Vaikundaraja, Manikandan Dhanushkodi)/acquisition (Indhuja Muthiah Vaikundaraja, Manikandan Dhanushkodi)/analysis (Indhuja Muthiah Vaikundaraja, Manikandan Dhanushkodi, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Jayachandran Perumal Kalaiarasi, Nikita Mehra, Arun Kumar Rajan, Gangothri Selvarajan, Siva Sree Kesana, Balasubramanian Ananthi, Priya Iyer, Manjula Rao, Arvind Krishnamurthy, Sridevi Velusamy, Rama Ranganathan, Tenali Gnana Sagar). All authors made substantial contribution toward drafting and final approval and agreed to be accountable on all aspects of the manuscript.
Publication History
Article published online:
11 December 2021
© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India
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Role of Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced, Fungating, and Inoperable Breast Cancer
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Role of Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced, Fungating, and Inoperable Breast Cancer
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Role of Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced, Fungating, and Inoperable Breast Cancer
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Outcomes of Breast Cancer Management from an Urban Specialist Breast Center in South India
Naga Amulya Mullapudi, Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 2019
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Abstract
Introduction There is a paucity of data on platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer (ABC) from developing countries like India.
Objectives The objectives were to analyze the efficacy and safety of platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with ABC..
Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of 35 patients with ABC who were treated with platinum-based chemotherapy (gemcitabine and carboplatin, [GC]) in a tertiary cancer center in India from August 2015 to November 2019. The inclusion criteria were patients with ABC, who had received palliative chemotherapy with GC. The exclusion criteria were patients who had received less than two cycles of GC and patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy for neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast.
Results The median age was 45 years (range: 28–68 years). All patients were female (97%) except one male (3%). The histology was ductal carcinoma (77%), mixed (17%), and others (6%). Out of the 12 patients tested for breast cancer (BRCA) gene mutation, six patients had a BRCA mutation. Patients with metastatic and locally progressive disease were 91 and 9%, respectively. The median number of prior lines of systemic therapy for metastatic disease was 1 (range: 0–5). The median number of sites of metastasis was 2 (range: 0–5). Patients with visceral crises were 23%. The median number of cycles of GC chemotherapy received was 6 (range: 2–6). A dose reduction in chemotherapy was done in 74%. The responses among 34 evaluable patients were complete response (11%), partial response (24%), stable disease (41%), and progressive disease (24%). Grade 3 or more hematological and nonhematological toxicities were observed in 69 and 9%, respectively. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 6 and 8 months, respectively. The 1-year progression-free survival and overall survival were 19 and 34%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who had received more than 3 cycles had a better outcome.
Conclusion GC was an active and well-tolerated regimen in ABC regardless of the receptor status. Further prospective randomized studies are warranted to assess the optimal regimen in patients with triple-negative breast cancer.
Keywords
advanced breast cancer - platinum-based chemotherapy - real-world outcome
Introduction
Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin and carboplatin) has been shown to improve pathological complete response in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), especially in the breast cancer (BRCA) mutant subtype.[1] Platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC) can be combined with anti-HER2 therapy (trastuzumab) for the treatment of HER2-positive BRCA.[2] The impact of PBC as compared to non-PBC in advanced breast cancer (ABC) is unclear. The chemotherapy drugs that can be combined with platinum include taxane, vinorelbine, etoposide, and gemcitabine.[3] The response rates are higher in the first line as compared to second or third-line therapy.[4] There is a paucity of data on PBC in ABC from developing countries like India. The objectives of this study were to analyze the efficacy and safety of PBC in patients with ABC.
Materials and Methods
This was a retrospective study of 35 patients with ABC who had received palliative chemotherapy with gemcitabine and carboplatin (GC) in a tertiary care cancer center from August 2015 to November 2019. The data were retrieved from the electronic medical records (EMR) of these patients for whom gemcitabine and carboplatin prescription was given. At our hospital, patient records registered from 1954 until 2016, and records of patients who had deceased were scanned. The data of patients for whom case records were scanned were obtained from the EMR. For the alive patients registered after 2016, we obtained data from the individual case record obtained from the tumor registry.
The inclusion criteria were patients with ABC, who had received palliative chemotherapy with GC. The exclusion criteria were patients who had received less than two cycles of GC and patients who received PBC for neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast. BRCA was tested as per National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) hereditary BRCA testing criteria[5] and the methodology used was Ion Torrent next-generation sequencing. The primary objective was to assess the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with recurrent/metastatic BRCA who received palliative chemotherapy with GC while the secondary objective was to assess the toxicity.
Prechemotherapy blood investigations included hemogram, renal function test, and liver function test before the day (D) 1 of each cycle and hemogram and differential count before D8 of each cycle. Chemotherapy was initiated only if the absolute neutrophil count was more than 1000/µL and platelet count was > 1 lakh/µL. The premedications were injection palonosetron 0.25 mg intravenous bolus and injection dexamethasone 12 mg intravenous bolus 30 minutes before chemotherapy. The chemotherapy schedule was injection gemcitabine 1 gm/m2 in 250 mL 0.9% normal saline over 30 minutes intravenously on D1 and D8 and injection carboplatin area under the curve 5 or 6 in 250 mL 0.9% normal saline over 1 hour on D1.
Patients were assessed clinically for response and toxicity before each cycle. Imaging was done with either chest X-ray, ultrasound of abdomen/pelvis, or contrast-enhanced chest tomography of chest/abdomen/pelvis or positron imaging tomography-computed tomography once every 3 to 4 months and when clinically indicated. Responses were assessed as per the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1 criteria.[6] Toxicity was graded as per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0.[7] Chemotherapy dose reduction was done in patients with ≥ grade 3 toxicity and discontinued in patients with life-threatening toxicity.
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the baseline characteristics. PFS was calculated from the date of initiation of GC to the date of recurrence or death. OS was calculated from the date of the initiation of GC to the date of death due to any cause. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared across groups using the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard model was used to find the prognostic factors affecting the outcome. All p-values were two-sided, and values < 0.05 were considered significant. This was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 15 (SPSS), Chicago, Illinois, United States.
Ethics
The procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, as revised in 2013. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai (IEC/2020/Aug 08), dated Aug 14, 2020 and a waiver of consent was obtained as this was a retrospective study.
Results
Baseline Characteristics
A total of 35 patients were included in this analysis with a median follow-up of 8 months (range: 2–39 months). The median duration from diagnosis to start of GC chemotherapy was 18 months (range: 2–113 months). The median age was 45 years (range: 28–68 years). All patients were females (n = 34/35, 97%) except for one male (n = 1/35, 3%). Premenopausal women were 76% (n = 26/35) and the rest 24% (n = 8/35) were postmenopausal. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) was 1 (83%) and 2 (17%). The histology was ductal carcinoma (77%), mixed (17%), and others (6%). The differentiation was grade 2 (17%) and grade 3 (80%). The molecular subtype was luminal B (n = 10/35, 29%), HER2 positive (n = 6/35, 17%), and triple-negative subtype (n = 19/35, 54%). Two of the six patients with HER2-positive BRCA had received adjuvant trastuzumab. Out of the 12 patients tested for BRCA 1 and 2 gene mutations, six patients had a BRCA 1 mutation. Recurrence was confirmed by biopsy in 37% (n = 13/35) patients. Patients with metastatic and locally progressive disease were 91 and 9%, respectively. The median number of prior lines of systemic therapy for metastatic disease was 1 (range: 0–5). The median number of sites of metastasis was 2 (range: 0–5). Patients with visceral crises were 23% (n = 8/35). This study included two patients with brain metastasis and one with choroidal metastasis. The baseline characteristics are shown in [Table 1].
|
Variable |
Number (%) |
|---|---|
|
Median age |
45 years (range: 28–68 years) |
|
Sex |
|
|
Female |
34 (97) |
|
Male |
1 (3) |
|
Menopausal status[a] |
|
|
Premenopausal |
26 (76) |
|
Postmenopausal |
8 (24) |
|
Comorbid illness[b] |
|
|
Diabetes mellitus |
9 (27) |
|
Hypertension |
7 (21) |
|
Others |
8 (24) |
|
None |
18 (54) |
|
ECOG performance status |
|
|
0 |
0 (0) |
|
1 |
29 (83) |
|
2 |
6 (17) |
|
3 or 4 |
0 (0) |
|
Histology |
|
|
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma |
27 (77) |
|
Mixed |
6 (17) |
|
Others[c] |
2 (6) |
|
Differentiation |
|
|
Grade 1 |
0 (0) |
|
Grade 2 |
6 (17) |
|
Grade 3 |
28 (80) |
|
Unknown |
1 (3) |
|
Estrogen receptor |
|
|
Positive |
13 (37) |
|
Negative |
22 (63) |
|
Progesterone receptor |
|
|
Positive |
8 (23) |
|
Negative |
27 (77) |
|
HER2 |
|
|
Positive |
6 (17) |
|
Negative |
28 (80) |
|
Unknown |
1 (3) |
|
Molecular subtype |
|
|
Luminal A (ER/PR positive, HER2 negative & Ki 67 ≤ 20%) |
0 (0) |
|
Luminal B, HER2 negative (ER/PR positive & Ki 67 > 20%) |
10 (29) |
|
HER2 positive |
6 (17) |
|
TNBC |
19 (54) |
|
BRCA mutation status |
|
|
BRCA 1 or 2 mutation present |
6 (17) |
|
Wild type |
6 (17) |
|
Unknown |
23 (66) |
|
De novo metastatic disease |
12 (35) |
|
Recurrent disease |
23 (65) |
|
Median number of sites of metastatic disease |
2 (range: 0–6)[d] |
|
Visceral crisis |
|
|
Yes |
8 (23) |
|
No |
27 (77) |
|
Median number of lines of prior therapy in metastatic disease |
1 (range: 0–5) |
Fig. 1Kaplan–Meier curve (x-axis: survival in months; y-axis: percentage of patients) of 35 patients with advanced breast cancer treated with gemcitabine–carboplatin showing a median progression-free survival of 6 months (95% confidence interval: 3.2–5.7 months).
Fig. 2Kaplan–Meier curve (x-axis: survival in months; y-axis: percentage of patients) of 35 patients with advanced breast cancer treated with gemcitabine-carboplatin showing a median overall survival of 8 months (95% confidence interval: 5.3–10.7 months).
|
Variable |
HR |
CI (95%) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Histology |
|||
|
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma |
1.00 |
||
|
Others |
2.40 |
1.04–5.67 |
0.04 |
|
Molecular subtype |
|||
|
Luminal B |
1.00 |
||
|
HER2 enriched |
1.23 |
0.33–4.60 |
0.75 |
|
Triple negative breast cancer |
1.76 |
0.79-3.92 |
0.16 |
|
Number of cycles of chemotherapy |
|||
|
> 3 cycles |
1.00 |
||
|
≤ 3 cycles |
3.23 |
1.47–7.06 |
0.03 |
|
Number of sites of metastatic disease |
|||
|
≤ 2 sites |
1.00 |
||
|
> 2 sites |
0.88 |
0.39–1.99 |
0.76 |
|
Number of lines of prior systemic therapy for metastatic disease |
|||
|
≤ 2 lines |
1.00 |
||
|
> 2 lines |
0.46 |
0.16–1.35 |
0.16 |
|
BRCA mutation |
|||
|
BRCA positive |
1.00 |
||
|
BRCA wild type |
0.43 |
0.10–1.78 |
0.25 |
|
Study |
Inclusion criteria |
Sample size |
Design |
Response (%) |
PFS (mo) |
OS (mo) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Our study |
ABC |
35 |
Retrospective |
34 |
6 mo |
8 mo |
|
Maka et al[14] |
TNBC |
21 |
Retrospective |
72 |
– |
– |
|
Sirohi et al, UK[9] |
TNBC |
155 |
Retrospective |
41 |
6 mo |
11 mo |
|
Tutt et al, TNT trial[10] |
TNBC |
766 |
Phase 3, RCT, carboplatin versus docetaxel |
31 versus 34% |
3.1 mo versus 4.4 mo |
12.8 mo versus 12 mo |
|
Hu et al. China[11] |
TNBC |
240 |
Phase 3, RCT, gemcitabine cisplatin versus gemcitabine paclitaxel |
65 versus 49% |
7.7 mo versus 6.4 mo |
Immature |
- Loibl S, O'Shaughnessy J, Untch M. et al. Addition of the PARP inhibitor veliparib plus carboplatin or carboplatin alone to standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (BrighTNess): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19 (04) 497-509
- Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N. et al; Breast Cancer International Research Group. Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 (14) 1273-1283
- Shamseddine AI, Farhat FS. Platinum-based compounds for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Chemotherapy 2011; 57 (06) 468-487
- Decatris MP, Sundar S, O'Byrne KJ. Platinum-based chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer: current status. Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30 (01) 53-81
- breast_risk.pdf, https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast_risk.pdf. Accessed July 17, 2021
- Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J. et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009; 45 (02) 228-247
- Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). 79 (2009), https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/CTCAE/CTCAE_4.03/Archive/CTCAE_4.0_2009-05-29_QuickReference_8.5x11.pdf. Accessed July 17, 2021
- Simmons C, Miller N, Geddie W. et al. Does confirmatory tumor biopsy alter the management of breast cancer patients with distant metastases?. Ann Oncol 2009; 20 (09) 1499-1504
- Sharma M, Gogia A, Deo SSV, Mathur S. Role of rebiopsy in metastatic breast cancer at progression. Curr Probl Cancer 2019; 43 (05) 438-442
- Anand A, Jacob LA, Lakshmaiah KC. et al. Repeat biopsy a must in recurrent breast cancer: a study from tertiary cancer centre in India. Ann Oncol 2018; 29: ix16-ix17
- Carrick S, Parker S, Thornton CE, Ghersi D, Simes J, Wilcken N. Single agent versus combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2009 (02 CD003372
- Dear RF, McGeechan K, Jenkins MC, Barratt A, Tattersall MH, Wilcken N. Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; CD008792 (12 CD00879210.1002/14651858.CD008792.pub2.
- Maisano R, Zavettieri M, Azzarello D. et al. Carboplatin and gemcitabine combination in metastatic triple-negative anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated breast cancer patients: a phase II study. J Chemother 2011; 23 (01) 40-43
- Maka VV, Panchal H, Shukla SN, Talati SS. Department of Medical Oncology Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute Ahmedabad Gujarat India. Platinum-based chemotherapy in metastatic triple negative breast cancer: experience of a tertiary referral centre in India. Gulf J Oncolog 2015; 1 (17) 52-57
- Gogia A, Deo SVS, Sharma D. et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with up-front metastatic breast cancer: single-center experience in India. J Glob Oncol 2019; 5: 1-9
- Sirohi B, Arnedos M, Popat S. et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2008; 19 (11) 1847-1852
- Tutt A, Tovey H, Cheang MCU. et al. A randomised phase III trial of carboplatin compared with docetaxel in BRCA1/2 mutated and pre-specified triple negative breast cancer “BRCAness” subgroups: the TNT trial. Nat Med 2018; 24: 628-637
- Hu X-C, Zhang J, Xu BH. et al. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus paclitaxel plus gemcitabine as first-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (CBCSG006): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16 (04) 436-446
- Pandy JGP, Balolong-Garcia JC, Cruz-Ordinario MVB, Que FVF. Triple negative breast cancer and platinum-based systemic treatment: a meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Cancer 2019; 19 (01) 1065
- Petrelli F, Barni S, Bregni G, de Braud F, Di Cosimo S. Platinum salts in advanced breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 160 (03) 425-437
- Robson M, Im SA, Senkus E. et al. Olaparib for metastatic breast cancer in patients with a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (06) 523-533
- Litton JK, Rugo HS, Ettl J. et al. Talazoparib in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med 2018; 379 (08) 753-763
- O'Shaughnessy J, Schwartzberg L, Danso MA. et al. Phase III study of iniparib plus gemcitabine and carboplatin versus gemcitabine and carboplatin in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32 (34) 3840-3847
- Schmid P, Adams S, Rugo HS. et al; IMpassion130 Trial Investigators. Atezolizumab and nab-paclitaxel in advanced triple-negative breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2018; 379 (22) 2108-2121
Address for correspondence
Publication History
Article published online:
11 December 2021
© 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India
We recommend
Breast cancer: An overview of published Indian data
Bharath Rangarajan, South Asian Journal of Cancer, 2016
Role of Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced, Fungating, and Inoperable Breast Cancer
Pramod Kumar Singh, Asian Journal of Oncology, 2020
Role of Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced, Fungating, and Inoperable Breast Cancer
Pramod Kumar Singh, Asian Journal of Oncology-1, 2020
Role of Radiotherapy in Locally Advanced, Fungating, and Inoperable Breast Cancer
Pramod Kumar Singh, VCOT Open, 2020
Outcomes of Breast Cancer Management from an Urban Specialist Breast Center in South India
Naga Amulya Mullapudi, Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology, 2019
Profiles of molecular subtypes and clinical responses to anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer at Dr. Soetomo General H...
Hadian Rahman, Bali Medical Journal, 2024
Locally recurrent breast carcinoma: the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on prognosis.
B F Danoff, Radiology, 1983
Treatment of locally advanced breast cancer
Deepu Mirchandani, CMAJ, 2004
Factors influencing the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in stage III triple-negative breast cancer patients
Anak Agung Bagus Angga Sudewa, Indonesia Journal of Biomedical Science, 2021
Advances in medical treatment of breast cancer in 2022
Fig. 1Kaplan–Meier curve (x-axis: survival in months; y-axis: percentage of patients) of 35 patients with advanced breast cancer treated with gemcitabine–carboplatin showing a median progression-free survival of 6 months (95% confidence interval: 3.2–5.7 months).
Fig. 2Kaplan–Meier curve (x-axis: survival in months; y-axis: percentage of patients) of 35 patients with advanced breast cancer treated with gemcitabine-carboplatin showing a median overall survival of 8 months (95% confidence interval: 5.3–10.7 months).
References
- Loibl S, O'Shaughnessy J, Untch M. et al. Addition of the PARP inhibitor veliparib plus carboplatin or carboplatin alone to standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (BrighTNess): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19 (04) 497-509
- Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N. et al; Breast Cancer International Research Group. Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2011; 365 (14) 1273-1283
- Shamseddine AI, Farhat FS. Platinum-based compounds for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Chemotherapy 2011; 57 (06) 468-487
- Decatris MP, Sundar S, O'Byrne KJ. Platinum-based chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer: current status. Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30 (01) 53-81
- breast_risk.pdf, https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast_risk.pdf. Accessed July 17, 2021
- Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J. et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009; 45 (02) 228-247
- Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). 79 (2009), https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/CTCAE/CTCAE_4.03/Archive/CTCAE_4.0_2009-05-29_QuickReference_8.5x11.pdf. Accessed July 17, 2021
- Simmons C, Miller N, Geddie W. et al. Does confirmatory tumor biopsy alter the management of breast cancer patients with distant metastases?. Ann Oncol 2009; 20 (09) 1499-1504
- Sharma M, Gogia A, Deo SSV, Mathur S. Role of rebiopsy in metastatic breast cancer at progression. Curr Probl Cancer 2019; 43 (05) 438-442
- Anand A, Jacob LA, Lakshmaiah KC. et al. Repeat biopsy a must in recurrent breast cancer: a study from tertiary cancer centre in India. Ann Oncol 2018; 29: ix16-ix17
- Carrick S, Parker S, Thornton CE, Ghersi D, Simes J, Wilcken N. Single agent versus combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 2009 (02 CD003372
- Dear RF, McGeechan K, Jenkins MC, Barratt A, Tattersall MH, Wilcken N. Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; CD008792 (12 CD00879210.1002/14651858.CD008792.pub2.
- Maisano R, Zavettieri M, Azzarello D. et al. Carboplatin and gemcitabine combination in metastatic triple-negative anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated breast cancer patients: a phase II study. J Chemother 2011; 23 (01) 40-43
- Maka VV, Panchal H, Shukla SN, Talati SS. Department of Medical Oncology Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute Ahmedabad Gujarat India. Platinum-based chemotherapy in metastatic triple negative breast cancer: experience of a tertiary referral centre in India. Gulf J Oncolog 2015; 1 (17) 52-57
- Gogia A, Deo SVS, Sharma D. et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with up-front metastatic breast cancer: single-center experience in India. J Glob Oncol 2019; 5: 1-9
- Sirohi B, Arnedos M, Popat S. et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2008; 19 (11) 1847-1852
- Tutt A, Tovey H, Cheang MCU. et al. A randomised phase III trial of carboplatin compared with docetaxel in BRCA1/2 mutated and pre-specified triple negative breast cancer “BRCAness” subgroups: the TNT trial. Nat Med 2018; 24: 628-637
- Hu X-C, Zhang J, Xu BH. et al. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus paclitaxel plus gemcitabine as first-line therapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (CBCSG006): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16 (04) 436-446
- Pandy JGP, Balolong-Garcia JC, Cruz-Ordinario MVB, Que FVF. Triple negative breast cancer and platinum-based systemic treatment: a meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Cancer 2019; 19 (01) 1065
- Petrelli F, Barni S, Bregni G, de Braud F, Di Cosimo S. Platinum salts in advanced breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 160 (03) 425-437
- Robson M, Im SA, Senkus E. et al. Olaparib for metastatic breast cancer in patients with a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377 (06) 523-533
- Litton JK, Rugo HS, Ettl J. et al. Talazoparib in patients with advanced breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation. N Engl J Med 2018; 379 (08) 753-763
- O'Shaughnessy J, Schwartzberg L, Danso MA. et al. Phase III study of iniparib plus gemcitabine and carboplatin versus gemcitabine and carboplatin in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32 (34) 3840-3847
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