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Containing Coronavirus (COVID-19) Spread in an Oncology Day Care Facility in India

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2020; 41(04): 468-472

DOI: DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_270_20

Author : Santosh Chellapuram,Prabhat Malik,Lalit Kumar

Sir,

Coronavirus (COVID-19) first identified in late December 2019 at Hubei province of China and had spread globally in mammoth proportions.[1] This pandemic is one of the greatest challenge medical fields that has ever faced. The disease by itself and measures taken to contain it has resulted in hampering health-care services to nonpandemic diseases. Reports of reduced hospital admissions for acute coronary syndromes and increased out of the hospital cardiac arrests reflect a compromised health system.[2],[3] Sustaining non COVID-19 facility in current pandemic has become a big challenge. The risk of transmission of infection among health-care personnels (HCPs) from HCPs to patients and requirement of quarantine of potentially exposed HCPs pose further burden on already constrained system. Continuing oncology services in the current pandemic have become even more difficult considering higher mortality rates of COVID-19 in cancer patients.[4],[5] Most guidelines have been revised and suggested tailored strategies in situ ations where the risk of infection outweighs the benefit of treatment.[6]

In the Indian context, with an existing strained health-care system, providing optimum oncology care is challenging. The maintenance of special care facilities such as daycare chemotherapy centers, radiation facilities, and palliative care units require special emphasis. These centers are like a catchment area in view of compromised immunity of patients and high turnover of people at any given point of time. Even a single positive case among them leads to devastating consequences, including interruptions of the services. Daycare chemotherapy facility is an important component of oncology care. In this report, we share our experience of containing a potential spread and measures taken to reopen the facility in short time. This kind of model can be followed in various similar facilities.

The problem

Our oncology center, DR. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), is one of the largest cancer centers in North India registering 13,000 new cancer cases every year. Our chemotherapy day care facility caters around 120 patients per day during the pre-COVID-19 times. Currently, it is managing almost 50–60 patients per day due to several travel restrictions and countrywide lockdown. One oncology nurse at day-care chemotherapy facility developed fever and cough for 1 day. She attended patient care services 1 day before the onset of symptoms. After the development of symptoms, she was tested for COVID-19 by RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and found to be positive. She was isolated according to the standard operating procedure (SOP), for mitigating further spread. During going in close contact with patients, HCPs, including the index case, were using personal protective equipment (PPE) which included N95 respirator mask, gown, gloves, and head cap. As per hospital policies during the pandemic, all the patients in day care either worn a cloth or triple-layer surgical mask.

The response

The mitigation measures were carried out as per SOPs in the hospital. The preparedness of the institute that was already in the place helped in execution of the plan smoothly as below. These measures are depicted in [Table 1] which includes contact tracing, testing, quarantine, treatment, and sanitation of the facility.

Table 1

Strategies implemented at containment of spread

Preparedness in place

In view of ensuing pandemic, such a scenario was anticipated, and few measures were taken. All the HCP received training in infection control practices, donning, and doffing of PPE. As an institutional practice, all HCPs wore a N95 respirator and patients with a surgical/cloth mask. Information regarding the hand wash techniques, cough etiquette, etc., was displayed throughout the hospital. Alcohol hand wash facility was widely provided. All the patients reaching day-care facility were screened for COVID-19 symptoms. To ensure adequate spacing at the facility, alternate bed was kept vacant. To prevent a situation wherein, quarantine of entire treatment unit resulting in closing institute, we have two teams working alternatively for 7 days each. In case any unit gets quarantined, another team takes over so that patient care is not compromised. Furthermore, separate areas are demarcated for managing COVID-19 patients, thus preventing the admixture. Specialized teams are deputed for contact tracing and quarantine facilitates with round the clock helpline number availability. Testing capacity of the center for COVID-19 has been ramped up, which forms the core of mitigation measures. Telemedicine facility has been initiated and operationalized for facilitating the patient care and effective monitoring of quarantined contacts.

Tracing, testing and treatment

Oncology nurse was shifted to an isolation facility and was given symptomatic management. Spouse of the index patient who was also a HCP and two children were quarantined and tested. Contact tracing was initiated, and a list of individuals who had contact with her was prepared. This included a total of 43 among them two were oncology trainees, 18 nursing staff, 20 patients, and 3 family members. The HCP were put off roster and advised home quarantine for 14 days. These are depicted in [Table 2]. They were actively followed up for the development of symptoms. The patients were contacted through telemedicine facility. All the contacts were advised RT-PCR testing between day 5 and day 14 of contact. Out of 43 contacts, we could do testing in 34 of them. The remaining nine individuals could not be tested because they could not reach in the hospital due to lockdown measures. They were advised strict quarantine at home. Out of the 34 contacts tested, 3 were positive. Two children of the index nurse were positive, and another day care oncology nurse was positive. Two children had mild symptoms, whereas the nurse was completely asymptomatic. They were shifted to isolation facility at our institute. All of them recovered and discharged once they have been tested negative on two consecutive occasions 24 h apart.

Measures

Components

HCP – Health care personnel; PPE – Personal protective equipment; COVID – Corona virus

Preparedness

Droplet infection control practices in place
Trained HCP
PPE and N95 for HCP
Mask for all patients
Spacing of daycare beds
Display of hand hygiene and cough etiquette measures
Alcohol hand wash in place
Backup plan with strategy of 2 treatment teams with one team as standby
Screening of patients for symptoms of COVID-19 before reaching daycare facility
Ramped up testing capabilities
Separate quarantine and isolation facility

Contact tracing and isolation

Special tracing teams
Isolation of positive case
Quarantine of contacts

Testing

Testing of first contacts between day-5 and day-14

Telemedicine

Tele-consulted daily for onset of symptoms Growth factor supplementation
Delay of further chemotherapy (in case of multiday schedule)

Sanitation

Disinfection of entire facility twice with fumigation [Appendix 1]
Random swabs taken and tested
Table 2

Contact tracing

Lacuna identified

During the process of contact, tracing exercise potential risk was identified for transmission. At the time of break hours, HCPs were noticed to be in groups of 4–5 having meals together which might have resulted in unprotected exposure. Subsequently, a staggered break time and duty time policy were implemented to minimize such potential risks.

Reopening of facility

After the detection of positive case, the facility was closed, and the measures as described above were done. The entire facility was sanitized with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution twice and later followed by fumigation. Random swabs taken were negative. The facility was reopened after 48 h with the second team which was on stand-by.

Current status

As of the date of submission for the publication, the two COVID-19 cases were discharged and all the contacts completed their quarantine period of 14 days. No new cases were identified. All the quarantined staff resumed their duties.

Publication History

Received: 01 June 2020

Accepted: 06 June 2020

Article published online:
17 May 2021

© 2020. Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

Category

Description (n)

Testing

Positive for COVID-19

Measures taken

HCP – Health care personnel; COVID – Corona virus

Family

Spouse: 1
Children: 2

3/3

2

Isolation until 2 consecutive tests negative

HCP

Oncology trainees: 2
Oncology nurse: 18

20/20

1

Quarantine for 14 days

Patients

Hematological malignancies: 8
Solid malignancy: 12

11/20

0

Quarantine for 14 days

Sir,

Coronavirus (COVID-19) first identified in late December 2019 at Hubei province of China and had spread globally in mammoth proportions.[1] This pandemic is one of the greatest challenge medical fields that has ever faced. The disease by itself and measures taken to contain it has resulted in hampering health-care services to nonpandemic diseases. Reports of reduced hospital admissions for acute coronary syndromes and increased out of the hospital cardiac arrests reflect a compromised health system.[2],[3] Sustaining non COVID-19 facility in current pandemic has become a big challenge. The risk of transmission of infection among health-care personnels (HCPs) from HCPs to patients and requirement of quarantine of potentially exposed HCPs pose further burden on already constrained system. Continuing oncology services in the current pandemic have become even more difficult considering higher mortality rates of COVID-19 in cancer patients.[4],[5] Most guidelines have been revised and suggested tailored strategies in situ ations where the risk of infection outweighs the benefit of treatment.[6]

In the Indian context, with an existing strained health-care system, providing optimum oncology care is challenging. The maintenance of special care facilities such as daycare chemotherapy centers, radiation facilities, and palliative care units require special emphasis. These centers are like a catchment area in view of compromised immunity of patients and high turnover of people at any given point of time. Even a single positive case among them leads to devastating consequences, including interruptions of the services. Daycare chemotherapy facility is an important component of oncology care. In this report, we share our experience of containing a potential spread and measures taken to reopen the facility in short time. This kind of model can be followed in various similar facilities.

The problem

Our oncology center, DR. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), is one of the largest cancer centers in North India registering 13,000 new cancer cases every year. Our chemotherapy day care facility caters around 120 patients per day during the pre-COVID-19 times. Currently, it is managing almost 50–60 patients per day due to several travel restrictions and countrywide lockdown. One oncology nurse at day-care chemotherapy facility developed fever and cough for 1 day. She attended patient care services 1 day before the onset of symptoms. After the development of symptoms, she was tested for COVID-19 by RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and found to be positive. She was isolated according to the standard operating procedure (SOP), for mitigating further spread. During going in close contact with patients, HCPs, including the index case, were using personal protective equipment (PPE) which included N95 respirator mask, gown, gloves, and head cap. As per hospital policies during the pandemic, all the patients in day care either worn a cloth or triple-layer surgical mask.

The response

The mitigation measures were carried out as per SOPs in the hospital. The preparedness of the institute that was already in the place helped in execution of the plan smoothly as below. These measures are depicted in [Table 1] which includes contact tracing, testing, quarantine, treatment, and sanitation of the facility.

Table 1

Strategies implemented at containment of spread

Preparedness in place

In view of ensuing pandemic, such a scenario was anticipated, and few measures were taken. All the HCP received training in infection control practices, donning, and doffing of PPE. As an institutional practice, all HCPs wore a N95 respirator and patients with a surgical/cloth mask. Information regarding the hand wash techniques, cough etiquette, etc., was displayed throughout the hospital. Alcohol hand wash facility was widely provided. All the patients reaching day-care facility were screened for COVID-19 symptoms. To ensure adequate spacing at the facility, alternate bed was kept vacant. To prevent a situation wherein, quarantine of entire treatment unit resulting in closing institute, we have two teams working alternatively for 7 days each. In case any unit gets quarantined, another team takes over so that patient care is not compromised. Furthermore, separate areas are demarcated for managing COVID-19 patients, thus preventing the admixture. Specialized teams are deputed for contact tracing and quarantine facilitates with round the clock helpline number availability. Testing capacity of the center for COVID-19 has been ramped up, which forms the core of mitigation measures. Telemedicine facility has been initiated and operationalized for facilitating the patient care and effective monitoring of quarantined contacts.

Tracing, testing and treatment

Oncology nurse was shifted to an isolation facility and was given symptomatic management. Spouse of the index patient who was also a HCP and two children were quarantined and tested. Contact tracing was initiated, and a list of individuals who had contact with her was prepared. This included a total of 43 among them two were oncology trainees, 18 nursing staff, 20 patients, and 3 family members. The HCP were put off roster and advised home quarantine for 14 days. These are depicted in [Table 2]. They were actively followed up for the development of symptoms. The patients were contacted through telemedicine facility. All the contacts were advised RT-PCR testing between day 5 and day 14 of contact. Out of 43 contacts, we could do testing in 34 of them. The remaining nine individuals could not be tested because they could not reach in the hospital due to lockdown measures. They were advised strict quarantine at home. Out of the 34 contacts tested, 3 were positive. Two children of the index nurse were positive, and another day care oncology nurse was positive. Two children had mild symptoms, whereas the nurse was completely asymptomatic. They were shifted to isolation facility at our institute. All of them recovered and discharged once they have been tested negative on two consecutive occasions 24 h apart.

Measures

Components

HCP – Health care personnel; PPE – Personal protective equipment; COVID – Corona virus

Preparedness

Droplet infection control practices in place
Trained HCP
PPE and N95 for HCP
Mask for all patients
Spacing of daycare beds
Display of hand hygiene and cough etiquette measures
Alcohol hand wash in place
Backup plan with strategy of 2 treatment teams with one team as standby
Screening of patients for symptoms of COVID-19 before reaching daycare facility
Ramped up testing capabilities
Separate quarantine and isolation facility

Contact tracing and isolation

Special tracing teams
Isolation of positive case
Quarantine of contacts

Testing

Testing of first contacts between day-5 and day-14

Telemedicine

Tele-consulted daily for onset of symptoms Growth factor supplementation
Delay of further chemotherapy (in case of multiday schedule)

Sanitation

Disinfection of entire facility twice with fumigation [Appendix 1]
Random swabs taken and tested
Table 2

Contact tracing

Lacuna identified

During the process of contact, tracing exercise potential risk was identified for transmission. At the time of break hours, HCPs were noticed to be in groups of 4–5 having meals together which might have resulted in unprotected exposure. Subsequently, a staggered break time and duty time policy were implemented to minimize such potential risks.


Reopening of facility

After the detection of positive case, the facility was closed, and the measures as described above were done. The entire facility was sanitized with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution twice and later followed by fumigation. Random swabs taken were negative. The facility was reopened after 48 h with the second team which was on stand-by.

Current status

As of the date of submission for the publication, the two COVID-19 cases were discharged and all the contacts completed their quarantine period of 14 days. No new cases were identified. All the quarantined staff resumed their duties.

Conclusion

Our case emphasizes the requirement of preparedness for effective management in the current pandemic. With preplanned coordinated measures and SOPs in place, we could not only contain the spread, but also reopen the facility within 2 days so that patient care was not hampered. Testing of contacts, even asymptomatic is critical. Identification of all asymptomatic carriers is the cornerstone in controlling COVID-19. Universal face-cover and social distancing should be the norm. Adapting to a new normal and learning to live with COVID-19 by changing socialization habits such as group activities are required. Health-care working models with two teams working alternatively will help to sustain hospitals in these testing times.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J. et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 727-33
  2. Baldi E, Sechi GM, Mare C, Canevari F, Brancaglione A, Primi R. et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the Covid-19 outbreak in Italy [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 29]. N Engl J Med 2020; NEJMc2010418
  3. De Filippo O, D'Ascenzo F, Angelini F, Bocchino PP, Conrotto F, Saglietto A. et al. Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during Covid-19 outbreak in Northern Italy. N Engl J Med 2020; 383: 88-9
  4. Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z. et al. Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-COV-2: A multi-center study during the COVID-19 outbreak. Cancer Discov 2020. https://cancerdiscovery.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2020/04/29/2159-8290. CD-20-0422. Available from: [Last accessed on 2020 May 9]
  5. Liang W, Guan W, Chen R, Wang W, Li J, Xu K. et al. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21: 335-7
  6. Ueda M, Martins R, Hendrie PC, McDonnell T, Crews JR, Wong TL. et al. Managing cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Agility and collaboration toward a common goal. [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 20]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020; 1-4

Address for correspondence

Prof. Lalit Kumar
Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr B.R.A. Institute-Rotary Cancer Hospital
New Delhi
India   

Publication History

Received: 01 June 2020

Accepted: 06 June 2020

Article published online:
17 May 2021

© 2020. Indian Society of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)

Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
A-12, 2nd Floor, Sector 2, Noida-201301 UP, India

Category

Description (n)

Testing

Positive for COVID-19

Measures taken

HCP – Health care personnel; COVID – Corona virus

Family

Spouse: 1
Children: 2

3/3

2

Isolation until 2 consecutive tests negative

HCP

Oncology trainees: 2
Oncology nurse: 18

20/20

1

Quarantine for 14 days

Patients

Hematological malignancies: 8
Solid malignancy: 12

11/20

0

Quarantine for 14 days

References

  1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J. et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 727-33
  2. Baldi E, Sechi GM, Mare C, Canevari F, Brancaglione A, Primi R. et al. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during the Covid-19 outbreak in Italy [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 29]. N Engl J Med 2020; NEJMc2010418
  3. De Filippo O, D'Ascenzo F, Angelini F, Bocchino PP, Conrotto F, Saglietto A. et al. Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during Covid-19 outbreak in Northern Italy. N Engl J Med 2020; 383: 88-9
  4. Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, Zhou F, Li G, Chen Z. et al. Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-COV-2: A multi-center study during the COVID-19 outbreak. Cancer Discov 2020. https://cancerdiscovery.aacrjournals.org/content/early/2020/04/29/2159-8290. CD-20-0422. Available from: [Last accessed on 2020 May 9]
  5. Liang W, Guan W, Chen R, Wang W, Li J, Xu K. et al. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21: 335-7
  6. Ueda M, Martins R, Hendrie PC, McDonnell T, Crews JR, Wong TL. et al. Managing cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Agility and collaboration toward a common goal. [published online ahead of print, 2020 Mar 20]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020; 1-4

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